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Removal of P-Cresol Sulfate by Hemodialysis

Andres W. Martinez^*,, Natalie S. Recht^*,, Thomas H. Hostetter^*, and Timothy W. Meyer

^* Department of Medicine, Veterans Association, Palo Alto, California; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California; and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

Address correspondence to: Dr. Timothy W. Meyer, Nephrology 111R, Palo Alto VAHCS, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94303. Phone: 650-852-3314; Fax: 650-852-3411; E-mail: twmeyer{at}stanford.edu

Received for publication March 23, 2005. Accepted for publication July 19, 2005.

Protein-bound solutes are poorly cleared by dialysis. Among the most extensively studied of these solutes is p-cresol, which has been shown to be toxic in vitro. This study examined the form in which p-cresol circulates and quantified its removal by hemodialysis. HPLC analysis of plasma from hemodialysis patients contained a peak whose mobility corresponded to synthetic p-cresol sulfate (PCS) but no detectable unconjugated p-cresol. Treatment with sulfatase resulted in recovery of this peak as p-cresol, confirming its identity. Subsequent studies compared the removal of PCS and another protein-bound solute, indican, to the removal of urea during clinical hemodialysis treatments. PCS and indican were 94 ± 1% and 93 ± 2% bound to plasma protein, respectively. Protein-binding caused a predictable decrease in measured dialytic clearance, which averaged 20 ± 4 ml/min for PCS and 25 ± 5 ml/min for indican as compared with 260 ± 20 ml/min for urea. Volumes of distribution for the protein-bound solutes were greater than the plasma volume, averaging 15 ± 7 L for PCS and 14 ± 3 L for indican as compared with 37 ± 7 for urea. Solute reduction ratios were 20 ± 9% for PCS, 30 ± 7% for indican, and 69 ± 5% for urea. We conclude that p-cresol circulates in the form of its sulfate conjugate, PCS. PCS is poorly removed by hemodialysis because its clearance is limited by protein binding and the ratio of its volume of distribution to its clearance is high.

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Copyright © 2008 by the American Society of Nephrology. Online ISSN: 1533-3450 Print ISSN: 1046-6673