 |
||||
| 2007 JASN IMPACT FACTOR 7.111 | HOME AUTHOR INFO EDITORIAL BOARD SUBSCRIBE FEEDBACK ALERTS HELP | |||
| CURRENT ISSUE | ARCHIVES | JASN Express | ONLINE SUBMISSION | |
|
||||
| 2007 JASN IMPACT FACTOR 7.111 | HOME AUTHOR INFO EDITORIAL BOARD SUBSCRIBE FEEDBACK ALERTS HELP | |||
| CURRENT ISSUE | ARCHIVES | JASN Express | ONLINE SUBMISSION | |
CLINICAL SCIENCE |
*Division of Nephrology, Department of Clinical Care Research, and Division of Cardiology, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
Correspondence to Dr. Mark J. Sarnak, Division of Nephrology, Box #391, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111. Phone: 617-636-1182; Fax: 617-636-8329; E-mail: msarnak{at}tufts-nemc.org
ABSTRACT. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem. Conflicting evidence exists among community-based studies as to whether CKD is an independent risk factor for adverse cardiovascular outcomes. After subjects with a baseline history of cardiovascular disease were excluded, data from four publicly available, community-based longitudinal studies were pooled: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, Cardiovascular Health Study, Framingham Heart Study, and Framingham Offspring Study. Serum creatinine levels were indirectly calibrated across studies. CKD was defined by a GFR between 15 and 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2. A composite of myocardial infarction, fatal coronary heart disease, stroke, and death was the primary study outcome. Cox proportional hazards models were used to adjust for study, demographic variables, educational status, and other cardiovascular risk factors. The total population included 22,634 subjects; 18.4% of the population was black, and 7.4% had CKD. There were 3262 events. In adjusted analyses, CKD was an independent risk factor for the composite study outcome (hazard ratio [HR], 1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07–1.32), and there was a significant interaction between kidney function and race. Black individuals with CKD had an adjusted HR of 1.76 (95% CI, 1.35–2.31), whereas whites had an adjusted HR of 1.13 (95% CI, 1.02–1.26). CKD is a risk factor for the composite outcome of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease in the general population and a more pronounced risk factor in blacks than in whites. It is hypothesized that this effect may be due to more frequent or more severe subclinical vascular disease secondary to hypertension or diabetes in black individuals.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  G. Tsagalis, T. Akrivos, M. Alevizaki, E. Manios, K. Stamatellopoulos, A. Laggouranis, and K. N. Vemmos Renal dysfunction in acute stroke: an independent predictor of long-term all combined vascular events and overall mortality Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., January 1, 2009; 24(1): 194 - 200. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Hakeem, S. Bhatti, K. S. Dillie, J. R. Cook, Z. Samad, M. D. Roth-Cline, and S. M. Chang Predictive Value of Myocardial Perfusion Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography and the Impact of Renal Function on Cardiac Death Circulation, December 9, 2008; 118(24): 2540 - 2549. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. V. Kshirsagar, H. Bang, A. S. Bomback, S. Vupputuri, D. A. Shoham, L. M. Kern, P. J. Klemmer, M. Mazumdar, and P. A. August A Simple Algorithm to Predict Incident Kidney Disease Arch Intern Med, December 8, 2008; 168(22): 2466 - 2473. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Noble, D. W. Johnson, N. Gray, P. Hollett, C. M. Hawley, S. B. Campbell, D. W. Mudge, and N. M. Isbel The impact of automated eGFR reporting and education on nephrology service referrals Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., December 1, 2008; 23(12): 3845 - 3850. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. H. Brantsma, S. J. L. Bakker, H. L. Hillege, D. de Zeeuw, P. E. de Jong, R. T. Gansevoort, and for the PREVEND Study Group Cardiovascular and renal outcome in subjects with K/DOQI stage 1-3 chronic kidney disease: the importance of urinary albumin excretion Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., December 1, 2008; 23(12): 3851 - 3858. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Noonan, K. Koch, M. Nakane, J. Ma, D. Dixon, A. Bolin, and G. Reinhart Differential effects of vitamin D receptor activators on aortic calcification and pulse wave velocity in uraemic rats Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., December 1, 2008; 23(12): 3824 - 3830. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. E. Rifkin, M. G. Shlipak, R. Katz, L. F. Fried, D. Siscovick, M. Chonchol, A. B. Newman, and M. J. Sarnak Rapid Kidney Function Decline and Mortality Risk in Older Adults Arch Intern Med, November 10, 2008; 168(20): 2212 - 2218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-J. Hwang, M.-Y. Lin, H.-C. Chen, S.-C. Hwang, W.-C. Yang, C.-C. Hsu, H.-C. Chiu, and L.-W. Mau Increased risk of mortality in the elderly population with late-stage chronic kidney disease: a cohort study in Taiwan Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., October 1, 2008; 23(10): 3192 - 3198. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. L. Nickolas, M. Khatri, B. Boden-Albala, K. Kiryluk, X. Luo, P. Gervasi-Franklin, M. Paik, and R. L. Sacco The Association Between Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Risk in a Multiethnic Cohort: Findings From the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS) Stroke, October 1, 2008; 39(10): 2876 - 2879. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. P. Liew, J. R. Bartholomew, S. Demirjian, J. Michaels, and M. J. Schreiber Jr. Combined Effect of Chronic Kidney Disease and Peripheral Arterial Disease on All-Cause Mortality in a High-Risk Population Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., July 1, 2008; 3(4): 1084 - 1089. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Mehrotra, D. Kermah, L. Fried, S. Adler, and K. Norris Racial Differences in Mortality Among Those with CKD J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., July 1, 2008; 19(7): 1403 - 1410. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. E. van Deventer, J. A. George, J. E. Paiker, P. J. Becker, and I. J. Katz Estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate in Black South Africans by Use of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease and Cockcroft-Gault Equations Clin. Chem., July 1, 2008; 54(7): 1197 - 1202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. C. Astor, S. I. Hallan, E. R. Miller III, E. Yeung, and J. Coresh Glomerular Filtration Rate, Albuminuria, and Risk of Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality in the US Population Am. J. Epidemiol., May 15, 2008; 167(10): 1226 - 1234. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Dimopoulos, G.-P. Diller, E. Koltsida, A. Pijuan-Domenech, S. A. Papadopoulou, S. V. Babu-Narayan, T. V. Salukhe, M. F. Piepoli, P. A. Poole-Wilson, N. Best, et al. Prevalence, Predictors, and Prognostic Value of Renal Dysfunction in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease Circulation, May 6, 2008; 117(18): 2320 - 2328. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. C. Macdougall, R. Walker, R. Provenzano, F. de Alvaro, H. R. Locay, P. C. Nader, F. Locatelli, F. C. Dougherty, U. Beyer, and on behalf of the ARCTOS study investigators C.E.R.A. Corrects Anemia in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease not on Dialysis: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2008; 3(2): 337 - 347. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Bang, M. Mazumdar, L. M. Kern, D. A. Shoham, P. A. August, and A. V. Kshirsagar Validation and Comparison of a Novel Screening Guideline for Kidney Disease: KEEPing SCORED Arch Intern Med, February 25, 2008; 168(4): 432 - 435. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Pereg, A. Tirosh, T. Shochat, D. Hasdai, and for the Metabolic, Lifestyle and Nutrition Assessm Mild renal dysfunction associated with incident coronary artery disease in young males Eur. Heart J., January 2, 2008; 29(2): 198 - 203. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Wattanakit, M. Cushman, C. Stehman-Breen, S. R. Heckbert, and A. R. Folsom Chronic Kidney Disease Increases Risk for Venous Thromboembolism J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., January 1, 2008; 19(1): 135 - 140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Ikram, M. W. Vernooij, A. Hofman, W. J. Niessen, A. van der Lugt, and M. M.B. Breteler Kidney Function Is Related to Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Stroke, January 1, 2008; 39(1): 55 - 61. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. C. Palmer, D. O. McGregor, P. Macaskill, J. C. Craig, G. J. Elder, and G. F.M. Strippoli Meta-analysis: Vitamin D Compounds in Chronic Kidney Disease Ann Intern Med, December 18, 2007; 147(12): 840 - 853. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Bos, P. J. Koudstaal, A. Hofman, and M. M.B. Breteler Decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate Is a Risk Factor for Hemorrhagic But Not for Ischemic Stroke: The Rotterdam Study Stroke, December 1, 2007; 38(12): 3127 - 3132. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. T. Raymond, D. Zehnder, S. C. H. Smith, J. A. Stinson, H. Lehnert, and R. M. Higgins Elevated relative mortality risk with mild-to-moderate chronic kidney disease decreases with age Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., November 1, 2007; 22(11): 3214 - 3220. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Khella and M. B. Bleicher Stroke and Its Prevention in Chronic Kidney Disease Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., November 1, 2007; 2(6): 1343 - 1351. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. M. Maahs, L. G. Ogden, A. Kretowski, J. K. Snell-Bergeon, G. L. Kinney, T. Berl, and M. Rewers Serum Cystatin C Predicts Progression of Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes Diabetes, November 1, 2007; 56(11): 2774 - 2779. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Perkovic, T. Ninomiya, H. Arima, M. Gallagher, M. Jardine, A. Cass, B. Neal, S. MacMahon, and J. Chalmers Chronic Kidney Disease, Cardiovascular Events, and the Effects of Perindopril-Based Blood Pressure Lowering: Data from the PROGRESS Study J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., October 1, 2007; 18(10): 2766 - 2772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Verma, N. S. Anavekar, A. Meris, J. J. Thune, J. M. O. Arnold, J. K. Ghali, E. J. Velazquez, J. J.V. McMurray, M. A. Pfeffer, and S. D. Solomon The Relationship Between Renal Function and Cardiac Structure, Function, and Prognosis After Myocardial Infarction: The VALIANT Echo Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 25, 2007; 50(13): 1238 - 1245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. B. Chonchol, V. Aboyans, P. Lacroix, G. Smits, T. Berl, and M. Laskar Long-term outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting: Preoperative kidney function is prognostic J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., September 1, 2007; 134(3): 683 - 689. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Daly Is early chronic kidney disease an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease?: A Background Paper prepared for the UK Consensus Conference on Early Chronic Kidney Disease Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., September 1, 2007; 22(suppl_9): ix19 - ix25. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. E. Weiner, H. Tighiouart, E. F. Elsayed, J. L. Griffith, D. N. Salem, A. S. Levey, and M. J. Sarnak The Framingham Predictive Instrument in Chronic Kidney Disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 17, 2007; 50(3): 217 - 224. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. C. Foster, S.-J. Hwang, M. G. Larson, N. I. Parikh, J. B. Meigs, R. S. Vasan, T. J. Wang, D. Levy, and C. S. Fox Cross-Classification of Microalbuminuria and Reduced Glomerular Filtration Rate: Associations Between Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes Arch Intern Med, July 9, 2007; 167(13): 1386 - 1392. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. F. Elsayed, H. Tighiouart, J. Griffith, T. Kurth, A. S. Levey, D. Salem, M. J. Sarnak, and D. E. Weiner Cardiovascular Disease and Subsequent Kidney Disease Arch Intern Med, June 11, 2007; 167(11): 1130 - 1136. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Xue, P. W. Eggers, L. Y. Agodoa, R. N. Foley, and A. J. Collins Longitudinal Study of Racial and Ethnic Differences in Developing End-Stage Renal Disease among Aged Medicare Beneficiaries J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2007; 18(4): 1299 - 1306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. E. Weiner, H. Tighiouart, A. S. Levey, E. Elsayed, J. L. Griffith, D. N. Salem, and M. J. Sarnak Lowest Systolic Blood Pressure Is Associated with Stroke in Stages 3 to 4 Chronic Kidney Disease J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2007; 18(3): 960 - 966. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Van Biesen, D. De Bacquer, F. Verbeke, J. Delanghe, N. Lameire, and R. Vanholder The glomerular filtration rate in an apparently healthy population and its relation with cardiovascular mortality during 10 years Eur. Heart J., February 2, 2007; 28(4): 478 - 483. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Kiberd The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemic: Stepping Back and Looking Forward J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., November 1, 2006; 17(11): 2967 - 2973. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Wattanakit, J. Coresh, P. Muntner, J. Marsh, and A. R. Folsom Cardiovascular Risk Among Adults With Chronic Kidney Disease, With or Without Prior Myocardial Infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 19, 2006; 48(6): 1183 - 1189. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Y. So, A. P.S. Kong, R. C.W. Ma, R. Ozaki, C. C. Szeto, N. N. Chan, V. Ng, C. S. Ho, C. W.K. Lam, C. C. Chow, et al. Glomerular filtration rate, cardiorenal end points, and all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care, September 1, 2006; 29(9): 2046 - 2052. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. B. Newsome, W. M. McClellan, C. S. Coffey, J. J. Allison, C. I. Kiefe, and D. G. Warnock Survival Advantage of Black Patients with Kidney Disease after Acute Myocardial Infarction Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., September 1, 2006; 1(5): 993 - 999. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. J. Bennett, M. Scatena, E. A. Kirk, M. Rattazzi, R. M. Varon, M. Averill, S. M. Schwartz, C. M. Giachelli, and M. E. Rosenfeld Osteoprotegerin Inactivation Accelerates Advanced Atherosclerotic Lesion Progression and Calcification in Older ApoE-/- Mice Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., September 1, 2006; 26(9): 2117 - 2124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Volkova, W. McClellan, J. M. Soucie, and A. Schoolwerth Racial disparities in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease among incident end-stage renal disease patients Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., August 1, 2006; 21(8): 2202 - 2209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Jones, P. Roderick, S. Harris, and M. Rogerson Decline in kidney function before and after nephrology referral and the effect on survival in moderate to advanced chronic kidney disease Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., August 1, 2006; 21(8): 2133 - 2143. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Walker, G. Schneider, J. Yeaw, B. Nordstrom, S. Robbins, and D. Pettitt Anemia as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Elevated Serum Creatinine J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., August 1, 2006; 17(8): 2293 - 2298. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. D. Monk and D. A. Bennett Reno-cerebrovascular disease? The incognito kidney in cognition and stroke. Neurology, July 25, 2006; 67(2): 196 - 198. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Koren-Morag, U. Goldbourt, and D. Tanne Renal dysfunction and risk of ischemic stroke or TIA in patients with cardiovascular disease. Neurology, July 25, 2006; 67(2): 224 - 228. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Bibbins-Domingo, G. M. Chertow, L. F. Fried, M. C. Odden, A. B. Newman, S. B. Kritchevsky, T. B. Harris, S. Satterfield, S. R. Cummings, and M. G. Shlipak Renal function and heart failure risk in older black and white individuals: the health, aging, and body composition study. Arch Intern Med, July 10, 2006; 166(13): 1396 - 1402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. R. Wu-Wong, W. Noonan, J. Ma, D. Dixon, M. Nakane, A. L. Bolin, K. A. Koch, S. Postl, S. J. Morgan, and G. A. Reinhart Role of Phosphorus and Vitamin D Analogs in the Pathogenesis of Vascular Calcification J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., July 1, 2006; 318(1): 90 - 98. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. A. Stevens, J. Coresh, T. Greene, and A. S. Levey Assessing kidney function--measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate. N. Engl. J. Med., June 8, 2006; 354(23): 2473 - 2483. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Meisinger, A. Doring, H. Lowel, and for the KORA Study Group Chronic kidney disease and risk of incident myocardial infarction and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men and women from the general population Eur. Heart J., May 2, 2006; 27(10): 1245 - 1250. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Segura, J. A. Garcia-Donaire, M. Praga, and L. M. Ruilope Chronic Kidney Disease as a Situation of High Added Risk in Hypertensive Patients J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2006; 17(4_suppl_2): S136 - S140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bro, R. Borup, C. B. Andersen, F. Moeller, K. Olgaard, and L. B. Nielsen Uremia-Specific Effects in the Arterial Media During Development of Uremic Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., March 1, 2006; 26(3): 570 - 575. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. S. Fox, M. G. Larson, R. S. Vasan, C.-Y. Guo, H. Parise, D. Levy, E. P. Leip, C. J. O'Donnell, R. B. D'Agostino Sr., and E. J. Benjamin Cross-Sectional Association of Kidney Function with Valvular and Annular Calcification: The Framingham Heart Study J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., February 1, 2006; 17(2): 521 - 527. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. W. Schrier Role of Diminished Renal Function in Cardiovascular Mortality: Marker or Pathogenetic Factor? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 3, 2006; 47(1): 1 - 8. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. F. Fried, R. Katz, M. J. Sarnak, M. G. Shlipak, P. H.M. Chaves, N. S. Jenny, C. Stehman-Breen, D. Gillen, A. J. Bleyer, C. Hirsch, et al. Kidney Function as a Predictor of Noncardiovascular Mortality J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., December 1, 2005; 16(12): 3728 - 3735. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. S. Fox, M. G. Larson, E. P. Leip, J. B. Meigs, P. W.F. Wilson, and D. Levy Glycemic Status and Development of Kidney Disease: The Framingham Heart Study Diabetes Care, October 1, 2005; 28(10): 2436 - 2440. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. A. Stevens, G. Fares, J. Fleming, D. Martin, K. Murthy, J. Qiu, P. C. Stark, K. Uhlig, F. Van Lente, and A. S. Levey Low Rates of Testing and Diagnostic Codes Usage in a Commercial Clinical Laboratory: Evidence for Lack of Physician Awareness of Chronic Kidney Disease J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., August 1, 2005; 16(8): 2439 - 2448. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. O'Hare, R. A. Rodriguez, and P. Bacchetti Low Ankle-Brachial Index Associated With Rise in Creatinine Level Over Time: Results From the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Arch Intern Med, July 11, 2005; 165(13): 1481 - 1485. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. E. Weiner, H. Tighiouart, P. T. Vlagopoulos, J. L. Griffith, D. N. Salem, A. S. Levey, and M. J. Sarnak Effects of Anemia and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy on Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., June 1, 2005; 16(6): 1803 - 1810. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. Poge, T. M. Gerhardt, R. P. Woitas, C. Kragelund, L. Kober, and P. Hildebrandt N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide and Mortality in Coronary Heart Disease N. Engl. J. Med., May 12, 2005; 352(19): 2025 - 2026. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. S. Schaeffner, T. Kurth, P. E. de Jong, R. J. Glynn, J. E. Buring, and J. M. Gaziano Alcohol Consumption and the Risk of Renal Dysfunction in Apparently Healthy Men Arch Intern Med, May 9, 2005; 165(9): 1048 - 1053. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. G. Shlipak, L. F. Fried, M. Cushman, T. A. Manolio, D. Peterson, C. Stehman-Breen, A. Bleyer, A. Newman, D. Siscovick, and B. Psaty Cardiovascular Mortality Risk in Chronic Kidney Disease: Comparison of Traditional and Novel Risk Factors JAMA, April 13, 2005; 293(14): 1737 - 1745. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
