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ATP Release Mechanisms in Primary Cultures of Epithelia Derived from the Cysts of Polycystic Kidneys

PATRICIA D. WILSON, JEFFREY S. HOVATER^*, CASH C. CASEY^*, JAMES A. FORTENBERRY^* and ERIK M. SCHWIEBERT^*

^* Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Cell Biology, and Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York.

Correspondence to Dr. Erik M. Schwiebert, Assistant Professor of Physiology and Biophysics and Research Scientist in the Gregory Fleming James CF Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, BHSB 740, 1918 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294-0005. Phone: 205-934-6234; Fax: 205-934-1445; E-mail: eschwiebert{at}phybio.bhs.uab.edu

Abstract. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) cyst enlargement is exacerbated by accumulation of fluid within the lumen of the cyst. Extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides stimulate fluid and chloride (Cl^-) secretion across epithelia and are potent autocrine and paracrine agonists within tissues. This study tests the hypothesis that ATP may be released by ADPKD epithelial cells. Once released, extracellular nucleotides and their metabolites may become "trapped" in the cyst lumen. As a consequence, extracellular ATP may augment ADPKD cyst enlargement through stimulation of salt and water secretion across ADPKD epithelia that encapsulate ADPKD cysts. To test this hypothesis, bioluminescence detection assays of ATP released from primary cultures of human ADPKD epithelial cells were compared with non-ADPKD human epithelial primary cultures. ADPKD cultures release comparable or greater amounts of ATP than non-ADPKD cultures derived from proximal tubule or cortex. ATP release in both ADPKD and non-ADPKD primary epithelial monolayers was directed largely into the apical medium; however, basolateral-directed ATP release under basal and stimulated conditions was also observed. Hypotonicity potentiated ATP release into the apical and basolateral medium in a reversible manner. Reconstitution of isotonic conditions with specific osmoles or inhibition with mechanosensitive ion channel blockers dampened hypotonicity-induced ATP release. "Flashfrozen" cyst fluids from ADPKD cysts, harvested from multiple donor kidneys, were screened by luminometry. A subset of cyst fluids contained as much as 0.5 to 10 µM ATP, doses sufficient to stimulate purinergic receptors. Taken together, these results show that ADPKD and non-ADPKD human epithelial primary cultures release ATP under basal and stimulated conditions and that ATP is released in vitro and into the cyst fluid by cystic epithelial cells in concentrations sufficient to stimulate ATP receptors. It is hypothesized that extracellular nucleotide release and signaling may contribute detrimentally to the gradual expansion of cyst fluid volume that is a hallmark of ADPKD.

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